Jeremías 49
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1 Acerca de los amonitas, así dice Jehová: «¿No tiene hijos Israel? ¿No tiene heredero? ¿Por qué Milcom se ha apoderado de Gad y su pueblo vive en sus ciudades? 2 Por eso vienen días —declara Jehová— en que haré oír el grito de guerra contra Rabá de los amonitas. Se convertirá en un montón de ruinas y sus poblaciones serán quemadas. Entonces Israel desposeerá a quienes lo desposeyeron —dice Jehová—. 3 ¡Gime, Hesbón, porque Hai ha sido devastada! ¡Griten, hijas de Rabá! ¡Vístanse de tela de luto, laméntense y corran de un lado a otro entre los vallados! Porque Milcom irá al destierro, junto con sus sacerdotes y sus jefes. 4 ¿Por qué te jactas de tus valles, de tu valle rebosante, hija rebelde, que confías en tus tesoros y dices: “¿Quién vendrá contra mí?”? 5 Voy a traer terror sobre ti desde todos tus alrededores —declara el Señor Jehová de los ejércitos—. Serán arrojados cada uno por su lado, sin que nadie reúna a los fugitivos. 6 Pero después de esto restauraré el bienestar de los amonitas —declara Jehová—». 7 Acerca de Edom, así dice Jehová de los ejércitos: «¿Ya no hay sabiduría en Temán? ¿Se ha perdido el consejo de los entendidos? ¿Se ha desvanecido su sabiduría? 8 ¡Huyan, retrocedan, busquen refugio en lugares profundos, habitantes de Dedán! Porque traeré sobre Esaú su ruina, el tiempo de su castigo. 9 Si vinieran a ti vendimiadores, ¿no dejarían algunos racimos? Si vinieran ladrones de noche, destruirían solo lo que les bastara. 10 Pero yo he desnudado a Esaú y he descubierto sus escondites; no podrá ocultarse. Su descendencia, sus hermanos y sus vecinos han sido devastados, y él ya no existe. 11 Deja a tus huérfanos; yo los mantendré con vida. Que tus viudas confíen en mí. 12 Porque así dice Jehová: Los que no estaban condenados a beber la copa tendrán que beberla. ¿Y tú quedarás completamente impune? No quedarás impune; tendrás que beberla. 13 He jurado por mí mismo —declara Jehová— que Bosra será motivo de horror, de deshonra, de ruina y de maldición; todas sus ciudades quedarán en ruinas para siempre». 14 He oído un mensaje de parte de Jehová; un mensajero ha sido enviado a las naciones: «¡Reúnanse y vengan contra ella! ¡Levántense para la guerra!». 15 «Voy a hacerte pequeño entre las naciones, despreciado entre los seres humanos. 16 Te han engañado el terror que infundes y la soberbia de tu corazón, tú que vives en las hendiduras de las rocas y ocupas las cumbres de las colinas. Aunque pongas tu nido tan alto como el águila, de allí te haré bajar —declara Jehová—. 17 Edom se convertirá en motivo de horror; todo el que pase por ella quedará horrorizado y silbará por todas sus heridas. 18 Como en la destrucción de Sodoma, Gomorra y sus vecinas —dice Jehová—, nadie vivirá allí, ningún ser humano residirá en ella. 19 Miren, uno subirá como león de la espesura del Jordán contra un pastizal perenne. En un instante haré huir de allí a Edom y pondré al frente de ella a quien yo escoja. Porque ¿quién es como yo? ¿Quién me citará a juicio? ¿Qué pastor podrá resistirme?». 20 Por eso, escuchen el plan que Jehová ha trazado contra Edom y los propósitos que ha concebido contra los habitantes de Temán: arrastrarán sin falta hasta a los más pequeños del rebaño; sin falta su pastizal quedará desolado por causa de ellos. 21 La tierra tiembla ante el estruendo de su caída; se oye un clamor, cuyo sonido llega hasta el mar Rojo. 22 Miren, uno se eleva y se lanza como águila, y extiende sus alas sobre Bosra. Aquel día el corazón de los guerreros de Edom será como el corazón de una mujer con dolores de parto. 23 Acerca de Damasco: «Hamat y Arfad están avergonzadas, porque han oído malas noticias; se han desalentado. Hay inquietud en el mar, que no puede calmarse. 24 Damasco ha perdido las fuerzas; se vuelve para huir y el temblor se apodera de ella. La angustia y los dolores la han atrapado como a una mujer de parto. 25 ¿Cómo es que no ha sido abandonada la ciudad alabada, la ciudad de mi alegría? 26 Por eso sus jóvenes caerán en sus plazas y todos sus hombres de guerra quedarán silenciados aquel día —declara Jehová de los ejércitos—. 27 Prenderé fuego a la muralla de Damasco, y consumirá los palacios de Ben-adad». 28 Acerca de Cedar y de los reinos de Hazor, que atacó Nabucodonosor, rey de Babilonia, así dice Jehová: «¡Levántense, suban contra Cedar y devasten a los pueblos de oriente! 29 Tomarán sus tiendas y sus rebaños, se llevarán las cortinas de sus tiendas, todos sus enseres y sus camellos, y gritarán contra ellos: “¡Terror por todas partes!”. 30 ¡Huyan, aléjense mucho, busquen refugio en lugares profundos, habitantes de Hazor! —declara Jehová—. Porque Nabucodonosor, rey de Babilonia, ha trazado un plan contra ustedes y ha concebido un propósito contra ellos. 31 ¡Levántense, suban contra una nación tranquila que vive segura! —declara Jehová—. No tiene puertas ni cerrojos; viven apartados. 32 Sus camellos serán botín y la multitud de sus ganados será despojo. Esparciré a todos los vientos a los que se rapan las sienes; de todos sus alrededores traeré su ruina —declara Jehová—. 33 Hazor se convertirá en guarida de chacales, una desolación para siempre. Nadie vivirá allí, ningún ser humano residirá en ella». 34 La palabra de Jehová llegó al profeta Jeremías acerca de Elam al comienzo del reinado de Sedequías, rey de Judá: 35 Así dice Jehová de los ejércitos: «Voy a quebrar el arco de Elam, lo principal de su poder. 36 Traeré contra Elam los cuatro vientos desde los cuatro extremos del cielo y los esparciré a todos esos vientos. No habrá nación adonde no lleguen los desterrados de Elam. 37 Aterrorizaré a Elam ante sus enemigos y ante quienes buscan quitarles la vida. Traeré sobre ellos calamidad, el ardor de mi ira —declara Jehová—. Enviaré tras ellos la espada hasta acabar con ellos. 38 Pondré mi trono en Elam y haré desaparecer de allí al rey y a los jefes —declara Jehová—. 39 Pero al final de los días restauraré el bienestar de Elam —declara Jehová—».
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Jeremías 49:1
Jr 49:1-39. Predictions as to Ammon, Idumea, Damascus, Kedar, Hazor, and Elam.
The event of the prophecy as to Ammon preceded that as to Moab (see on Jr 49:3); and in Eze 21:26-28, the destruction of Ammon is subjoined to the deposition of Zedekiah.
1. Hath Israel ... no heir?--namely, to occupy the land of Gad, after it itself has been carried away captive by Shalmaneser. Ammon, like Moab, descended from Lot, lay north of Moab, from which it was separated by the river Arnon, and east of Reuben and Gad (Jos 13:24, 25) on the same side of Jordan. It seized on Gad when Israel was carried captive. Judah was by the right of kindred the heir, not Ammon; but Ammon joined with Nebuchadnezzar against Judah and Jerusalem (2Ki 24:2) and exulted over its fall (Psa 83:4-7, 8; Zep 2:8, 9). It had already, in the days of Jeroboam, in Israel's affliction, tried to "enlarge its border" (2Ki 14:26; Am 1:1, 13).
their king--(Am 1:15); referring to Melchom, their tutelary idol (Zep 1:5); and so the Septuagint reads it here as a proper name (1Ki 11:5, 33; 2Ki 23:13). The Ammonite god is said to do what they do, namely, occupy the Israelite land of Gad. To Jehovah, the theocratic "King" of Israel, the land belonged of right; so that their Molech or Melchom was a usurper-king.
his people--the people of Melchom, "their king." Compare "people of Chemosh," Jr 48:46.
Jeremías 49:2
2. Rabbah--"the great," metropolis of Ammon (2Sa 12:26-30). Its destruction is foretold also in Eze 25:5; Am 1:14, 15.
her daughters--the towns and villages, dependencies of the metropolis (Jos 15:45).
shall ... be heir--shall possess those who possessed him. The full accomplishment of this is still future; partially fulfilled under the Maccabees (1 Maccabees 5:6).
Jeremías 49:3
3. Heshbon ... Ai--Nebuchadnezzar, coming from the north, first attacked Ammon, then its brother and neighbor, Moab. As Ai of Ammon had already suffered destruction, Heshbon of Moab being near it might well fear the same fate.
hedges--Their cities being destroyed, the outcasts have no place of shelter save behind the "hedges" of vineyards and gardens; or else the enclosures of their villages.
their king--Melchom, the idol, as the mention of "his priests" shows (compare Jr 48:7).
Jeremías 49:4
4. thy flowing valley--rather, "thy valley shall flow," namely with the blood of the slain; in sad contrast to their "valleys" in which they had heretofore "gloried," as flowing with milk and honey [Grotius]. Or else, as Margin, "shall flow away."
backsliding--apostate from Jehovah, the God of their father Lot, to Molech.
treasures--her resources for resisting the foe.
Who shall, &c.--Who can come ... (Jr 21:13).
Jeremías 49:5
Jeremías 49:6
6. (Compare Jr 48:47). For the sake of "righteous" Lot their progenitor. Partially fulfilled under Cyrus; in gospel times more fully.
Jeremías 49:7
7. Concerning Edom--a distinct prophecy, copied in part from Obadiah, but with the freedom of one himself inspired and foretelling a later calamity. Obadiah's was fulfilled probably in Sennacherib's time (compare Is 34:5; Am 1:11); Jeremiah's about the same time as his preceding prophecies (Jr 49:12; Eze 25:12).
wisdom--for which the Arabs and the people of Teman (a city of Edom) in particular, were famed (Ge 36:15; 1Ki 4:30; see Job, everywhere; Ob 8).
vanished--literally, "poured out," that is, exhausted (compare Is 19:3, Margin) [Maurer]. Or, as the kindred Ethiopic word means, "worn out" [Ludovicus De Dieu].
Jeremías 49:8
8. turn--namely, your backs in flight.
dwell deep--in deep defiles and caves [Grotius], which abound in Idumea. Others refer it to the Arab custom of retiring into the depth of the desert when avoiding an offended foe (Jr 49:30).
Dedan--a tribe bordering on and made subject by Idumea; descended from Jokshan, son of Abraham and Keturah (Ge 25:1-3).
Esau--The naming of Edom's progenitor, reprobated by God, recalls the remembrance of the old curse on him for his profanity, both his sin and its punishment being perpetuated in his descendants (He 12:16, 17).
Jeremías 49:9
9. (Ob 5). Grape gatherers, yea even thieves, leave something behind them; but the Chaldeans will sweep Idumea clean of everything.
Jeremías 49:10
Jeremías 49:11
11. Thy fatherless and widows must rest their hope in God alone, as none of the adult males shall be left alive, so desperate will be the affairs of Edom. The verse also, besides this threat, implies a promise of mercy to Esau in God's good time, as there was to Moab and Ammon (Jr 49:6; Jr 48:47); the extinction of the adult males is the prominent idea (compare Jr 49:12).
Jeremías 49:12
12. (Compare Jr 25:15, 16, 29).
they whose judgment was not to drink of the cup--the Jews to whom, by virtue of the covenant relation, it did not belong to drink the cup. It might have been expected that they would be spared. He regards not the merits of the Jews, for they were as bad or worse than others: but the grace and adoption of God; it is just and natural ("judgment") that God should pardon His sons sooner than aliens [Calvin].
Jeremías 49:13
13. Bozrah--(See on Jr 48:24).
Jeremías 49:14
14. (Ob 1-3).
ambassador ... unto the heathen--a messenger from God to stir up the Chaldeans against Edom.
Jeremías 49:15
15. David and Joab had already humbled Edom (2Sa 8:14).
Jeremías 49:16
16. terribleness--the terror which thou didst inspire into others.
deceived thee--rendered thee proudly confident, as if none would dare to assail thee.
dwellest in ... rock--Petra, the chief of Idumea, was cut in the rocks; its ruins are very remarkable. The whole south of Idumea abounds in cave dwellings and rocks.
though ... nest ... eagle--(Job 39:27; Ob 3, 4). The eagle builds its nest in the highest craggy eyry.
Jeremías 49:17
17. (Compare 1Ki 9:8).
Jeremías 49:18
Jeremías 49:19
19. he--Nebuchadnezzar, or Nebuzara-dan; the name would at once suggest itself to the minds of the hearers (Jr 48:40; 46:18).
swelling--as a lion which the overflow of the Jordan forced out of his lair on the banks, to ascend the neighboring heights [Calvin]. See as to the translation, "pride of the Jordan," see on Jr 12:5.
habitation of ... strong--the fastnesses of Idumea (compare Nu 24:21). Maurer translates, "An ever verdant (literally, 'perennial') pasturage," that is, Idumea heretofore having enjoyed uninterrupted tranquillity; so in Jr 49:20 the image is retained, the Idumeans being compared to "a flock," and their king to "a shepherd," in this verse, and the enemy to "a lion" (compare Jr 50:17-19). English Version accords more with the Hebrew.
suddenly--"in the twinkling of an eye," as the Hebrew implies.
him ... her--I will make Nebuzara-dan enter Idumea, and then, having in the twinkling of an eye effected the conquest, go away speedily: elsewhere. Instead of "but," translate, "for." Grotius translates, "run upon her," or "to her," instead of "run away from her." Maurer understands it, "I will make him (the Idumean) run away from her" (that is, from his own land); the similar change of reference of the pronouns (Jr 50:44) favors this.
who is a chosen man, &c.--God calls the choicest warriors to Him, to set "over" the work of devastating Idumea. God will surely execute His purpose, for He can call forth from all sides the agents He chooses.
who is like me?--(Ex 15:11).
who will appoint me the time?--namely, for entering into a trial in judgment with Me (see Margin). Image from law courts (Job 9:19).
shepherd--leader of the Idumeans; following up the previous image, "a lion"; no Idumean shepherd shall withstand the lion sent by Jehovah (Job 41:10), or save the Idumean flock.
Jeremías 49:20
20. least of the flock--the weakest and humblest of the Chaldean host. Compare Jr 6:3, where the hostile leaders and their hosts are called "shepherds and their flocks."
draw ... out--"shall drag them away captive" [Grotius]; shall drag them to and fro, as a lion (Jr 49:19) does feeble sheep [Maurer].
with them--that is, the habitation which they possess.
Jeremías 49:21
21. was heard in--that is, shall be heard at.
Red Sea--a considerable distance from Idumea; though the district at the Elantic bay of the Red Sea originally belonged to Idumea, and the sea itself was called from Edom, that is, "red" (Ge 25:30, Margin). Others translate, "the weedy sea" (Margin), and derive the name, "Red Sea," from its red weeds; the former view is preferable.
Jeremías 49:22
Jeremías 49:23
23. Prophecy as to Damascus, &c. (Is 17:1; 10:9). The kingdom of Damascus was destroyed by Assyria, but the city revived, and it is as to the latter Jeremiah now prophesies. The fulfilment was probably about five years after the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar [Josephus, Antiquities, 10.9,7].
Hamath is confounded--at the tidings of the overthrow of the neighboring Damascus.
on the sea--that is, at the sea; the dwellers there are alarmed. Other manuscripts read, "like the sea." "There is anxiety (restless) as is the sea: they cannot quiet it," that is, it cannot be quieted (Is 57:20).
it--Whatever dwellers are there "cannot be quiet."
Jeremías 49:25
25. city of praise--The prophet, in the person of a citizen of Damascus deploring its calamity, calls it "the city of praise," that is, celebrated with praises everywhere for its beauty (Jr 33:9; 51:41). "How is it possible that such a city has not been left whole--has not been spared by the foe?" Compare left, Lu 17:35, 36. So Israel "left" standing some of the Canaanite cities (Jos 11:13).
of my joy--that is, in which I delighted.
Jeremías 49:26
26. Therefore--that is, Since Damascus is doomed to fall, therefore, &c.
Jeremías 49:27
Jeremías 49:28
28. Kedar--son of Ishmael (Ge 25:13). The Kedarenes led a wandering predatory life in Arabia-Petræa, as the Bedouin Arabs (2Ch 21:16, 17; Psa 120:5). Kedar means "blackness" (So 1:5).
Hazor--not the city in Palestine, but a district in Arabia-Petræa. "Kingdoms" refer to the several combinations of clans, each under its own sheik.
men of the east--Kedar and Hazor were east of Judea (Jud 6:3; Job 1:3).
Jeremías 49:29
Jeremías 49:30
30. (See on Jr 49:8). No conqueror would venture to follow them into the desert.
Jeremías 49:31
31. wealthy--rather, "tranquil" (1Ch 4:40).
neither gates nor bars--The Arabs, lying out of the track of the contending powers of Asia and Africa, took no measures of defense and had neither walled cities nor gates (Eze 38:11). They thought their scanty resources and wilderness position would tempt no foe.
alone--separated from other nations, without allies; and from one another scattered asunder. So as to Israel's isolation (Nu 23:9; De 33:28; Mi 7:14).
Jeremías 49:32
32. camels--their chief possessions; not fields or vineyards.
in utmost ... corners--who seemed least likely to be dispersed. Or else, "having the hair shaven (or clipped) in angles" (Jr 9:26; 25:23) [Grotius].
calamity from all sides--which will force even those in "corners" to "scatter" themselves.
Jeremías 49:33
33. (Mal 1:3).
Jeremías 49:34
34. Elam--part of Susiana, west of Persia proper, but used to designate Persia in general. Elam proper, or Elymais, nearer Judea than Persia, is probably here meant; it had helped Nebuchadnezzar against Judea; hence its punishment. It may have been idolatrous, whereas Persia proper was mainly monotheistic.
Jeremías 49:35
35. bow--Elam was famed for its bowmen (Is 22:6).
chief of their might--in opposition to "bow," that is, bowmen, who constituted their main strength.
Jeremías 49:36
36. four winds, &c.--Nebuchadnezzar's army containing soldiers from the four quarters.
Jeremías 49:37
37. consumed--as a distinct nation (Da 8:2-27). Fulfilled under Alexander and his successors.
Jeremías 49:38
38. I will show Myself King by My judgments there, as though My tribunal were erected there. The throne of Cyrus, God's instrument, set up over Media, of which Elam was a part, may be meant [Grotius]; or rather, that of Nebuchadnezzar (Jr 43:10). Then the restoration of Elam (Jr 49:39) will refer partly to that which took place on the reduction of Babylon by Cyrus, prince of Persia and Media.
Jeremías 49:39
39. latter days--The full restoration belongs to gospel times. Elamites were among the first who heard and accepted it (Ac 2:9).
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